Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

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These are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.

	Reference	Associated Study Title	Author's Summary	Study Factors	Stressor	Receptors	Country	Medium	Exposure Marker	Measurements	Outcome
1.	Aquilina NJ, et al. (2010).	Measurement and Modelling of Air Toxic Concentrations for Health Effect Studies Project (MATCH)	The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer, and link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and volatile organic compounds.	tobacco	1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene	Study subjects	United Kingdom	urine	1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene	Details
2.	Aszyk J, et al. (2017).		Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of 42 flavouring compounds and nicotine in liquids for e-cigarettes.		2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin		Poland	e-cigarette	2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin	Details
3.	Farsalinos KE, et al. (2015).		In this study, electronic cigarette liquids were evaluated for the presence of selected tobacco-derived chemicals.		4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone | Acetaldehyde | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | Nitrates | Nitrosamines | N'-nitrosonornicotine | Phenols		Greece|United States	cigarette | e-cigarette, liquid	4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone | Acetaldehyde | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | Nitrates | Nitrosamines | N'-nitrosonornicotine | Phenols	Details
4.	Campbell RC, et al. (2014).		The aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment; the dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study.	tobacco	Arsenicals | Nicotine | tobacco tar		Bulgaria|China| United Kingdom|United States	tobacco	Arsenicals | Cacodylic Acid | monomethylarsonic acid | Nicotine | tobacco tar	Details
5.	Ferrari M, et al. (2015).		The short-term use of the specific brand of nicotine-free e-cigarette assessed in this study had no immediate adverse effects on non-smokers and only small effects on forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced expiratory flow 25% in smokers.	tobacco	Benzoic Acid | ethyl carbonate | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | quinoline | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Study subjects	Italy			Details	respiratory gaseous exchange
6.	Wesselink AK, et al. (2016).	Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO)	Total caffeine intake among males, but not females, was associated with fecundability, although the association was not monotonic; with respect to individual beverages, caffeinated black tea was associated with slight reductions among females, and caffeinated soda and energy drink were associated with reduced fecundability among males.	diet | sex	Caffeine	Study subjects	Canada|United States	beverage, caffeinated | tea, black	Caffeine	Details	female pregnancy
7.	Go YM, et al. (2015).		We examined quantification strategies to enhance the usefulness of high-resolution metabolomics data for cumulative exposome research; the results provide a simple reference standardization protocol in which individual chemical concentrations are estimated by comparison to a concurrently analyzed, pooled reference sample with known chemical concentrations.		Caffeine | Chlorobenzoates | chlorsulfuron | Cotinine | Fyrol PCF | hippuric acid | meobal | octylphenol | pirimicarb | Styrene	Study subjects	United States	plasma	Caffeine | Chlorobenzoates | chlorsulfuron | Cotinine | Fyrol PCF | hippuric acid | meobal | octylphenol | pirimicarb | Styrene	Details
8.	Yang H, et al. (2015).	Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College students (MARHCS)	The primary objectives of the MARHCS study are to investigate the associations of male reproductive health in young adults with sociopsychobehavioral factors, as well as changes of environmental exposure due to the relocation from rural campus (in University Town) to metro-campus (in central downtown).	diet | tobacco	Caffeine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Study subjects	China	semen		Details	spermatogenesis | sperm motility
9.	No authors listed. (1996).		This report presents the findings that in 1994 at least 0.5% of infants in Georgia (US) had had perinatal exposure to cocaine.		Cocaine	Infants or newborns	United States	blood	benzoylecgonine	Details
10.	Antoniewicz L, et al. (2016).		In healthy volunteers, ten puffs of e-cigarette vapor inhalation caused an increase in endothelial progenitor cells.		Ethanol | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Study subjects	Sweden	breath | plasma	Cotinine | Nitric Oxide	Details	stem cell population maintenance
11.	Valentine GW, et al. (2016).		Brief use of a widely available type of e-cigarette containing an e-liquid purchased from an Internet vendor can negatively impact psychomotor performance and in some instances, produce detectable levels of a urine alcohol metabolite.		Ethanol | Nicotine	Study subjects	United States	urine	ethyl glucuronide	Details	psychomotor behavior
12.	Kataria A, et al. (2015).	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	Perfluoroalkyl acids are associated with a reduction in kidney function and increased uric acid levels in otherwise healthy adolescents.		Fluorocarbons	Children	United States	serum	perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Uric Acid	Details	glomerular filtration
13.	Louis ED, et al. (2011).		Blood harmane and lead concentrations separately correlated with total tremor scores. Participants with high blood concentrations of both toxicants had the highest tremor scores, suggesting an additive effect of these toxicants on tremor severity.		harman | Lead	Controls for disease:Essential Tremor | Subjects with disease:Essential Tremor	United States	blood	harman | Lead	Details	Essential Tremor
14.	Kasperczyk S, et al. (2014).		We examined the effects of N-acetylcysteine administration on the non-enzymatic defense systems (e.g., uric acid, albumin, bilirubin and alpha-tocopherol) in male workers exposed to lead, over a 12 week study period.		Lead	Workers	Poland	blood	ALB | alpha-Tocopherol | Bilirubin | Lead | Lipid Peroxides | Uric Acid | zinc protoporphyrin	Details
15.	Kleinjan M, et al. (2012).	International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)	Nicotine dependence profiles are predicted by interactions between personal and environmental factors.	age	Nicotine	Children	Netherlands		Nicotine	Details	Tobacco Use Disorder
16.	Dicpinigaitis PV, et al. (2016).		A single session of e-cigarette use, approximating nicotine exposure of one tobacco cigarette, induces significant inhibition of cough reflex sensitivity.	tobacco	Nicotine	Study subjects	United States			Details	reflex
17.	Whitehead T, et al. (2009).	Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS)	These findings suggest that house-dust nicotine concentrations reflect long-term exposures to cigarette smoke in the home and that they may be less biased surrogates for children's exposures to cigarette smoke than self-reported smoking habits.		Nicotine	Children	United States	dust	Nicotine	Details
18.	Goniewicz ML, et al. (2015).		This study indicates that there is a risk for thirdhand exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes.		Nicotine		United States	floor	Nicotine	Details
19.	Vinnikov D, et al. (2010).		In summary, we found levels of exposure to secondhand smoke both in socializing venues and at home to be high in participants in this study conducted in Kyrgyzstan.	tobacco	Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Workers	Kyrgyzstan	air | hair	Nicotine	Details	Respiration Disorders
20.	Flouris AD, et al. (2013).		In this study, we present the first comprehensive and standardized assessment regarding the impact of short term active and passive e-cigarette smoking on cotinine concentration and lung function compared to active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking.	tobacco	Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Study subjects	Greece	serum	Cotinine	Details	respiratory gaseous exchange
21.	McConnell R, et al. (2017).	Children's Health Study (CHS)	Adolescent e-cigarette users had increased rates of chronic bronchitic symptoms.		Nicotine | tobacco tar	Children	United States			Details	Bronchitis | Cough | Respiratory Sounds | Respiratory Tract Diseases
22.	Peters KO, et al. (2017).	Center for Childhood Asthma in the Urban Environment (CCAUE)	Time spent in non-smoking homes was associated with significantly decreased urine 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG), and secondhand smoke exposures increased these levels; time spent outdoors was associated with increased urinary 1-OHPG concentrations in boys only; our results suggest that secondhand smoke and ambient outdoor air pollution contribute to internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in inner city children.	sex | tobacco	Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Children	United States	air, indoor | urine	1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide | Nicotine | Particulate Matter	Details
23.	Schreinemachers DM, et al. (2015).	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	This study investigated associations between urinary perchlorate and biomarkers of oxidative stress and iron homeostasis, including blood urea nitrogen, lymphocyte counts, serum uric acid, serum iron, and red blood cell counts.		perchlorate	Study subjects	United States	serum | urine	Iron | perchlorate | Uric Acid	Details	erythrocyte homeostasis | iron ion homeostasis | lymphocyte homeostasis
24.	Steenland K, et al. (2010).	C8 Health Project (C8HP)	Higher serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid were associated with a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia, but the limitations of cross-sectional data and the possibility of noncausal mechanisms prohibit conclusions regarding causality.		perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid	Study subjects	United States	serum	perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Uric Acid	Details	Hyperuricemia
25.	Shankar A, et al. (2011).	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	Our results demonstrate that elevated levels of perfluoroalkyl chemicals are associated with hyperuricemia even at low perfluoroalkyl chemical exposure levels as seen in a representative, multiethnic sample of US adults.		perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid	Study subjects	United States	serum	Uric Acid	Details	Hyperuricemia
26.	Wipfli H, et al. (2008).		Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to secondhand smoke.		Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Children | Study subjects	Argentina|Armenia| Brazil|Cambodia| China|Dominican Republic| Egypt|Georgia| Guatemala|Hong Kong| India|Indonesia| Latvia|Malaysia| Mexico|Nepal| Panama|Peru| Philippines|Poland| Romania|Russian Federation| Syrian Arab Republic|Taiwan, Province of China| Thailand|Turkey| Ukraine|Uruguay| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of|Vietnam	air | hair	Nicotine	Details