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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
AlkaloidsThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aquilina NJ, et al. (2010). | Measurement and Modelling of Air Toxic Concentrations for Health Effect Studies Project (MATCH) | The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer, and link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and volatile organic compounds. | tobacco | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Study subjects | United Kingdom | urine | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | 1,3-butadiene | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-hydroxyfluorene | 2-naphthol | 3-vinylpyridine | acenaphthene | acenaphthylene | anthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | coronene | fluoranthene | fluorene | hydroxycotinine | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | naphthalene | Nicotine | phenanthrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | pyrene | Details | |
| 2. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study | These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Study subjects | United States | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 1-naphthol
| 2-butenal
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-methylhippuric acid
| 2-naphthol
| 4- |
Details | |
| 3. | Shahab L, et al. (2017). | This study assessed whether long-term e-cigarette (EC)-only, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-only, dual cigarette-EC or dual cigarette-NRT use is associated with differences in metabolites of a) nicotine; b) tobacco-specific nitrosaminess and c) volatile organic compounds (VOC) compared with cigarette-only smokers. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | United Kingdom | saliva | urine | 1,3-butadiene
| 2- |
Details | ||
| 4. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2017). | This study showed for the first time that after switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes, nicotine exposure remains unchanged, while exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants is substantially reduced. | tobacco | 1,3-butadiene
| 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | Poland | urine | 1-hydroxyphenanthrene
| 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2-hydroxyfluorene
| 2-naphthol
| 3- |
Details | ||
| 5. | Aszyk J, et al. (2017). | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of 42 flavouring compounds and nicotine in liquids for e-cigarettes. | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Poland | e-cigarette | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 2,6-lutidine | 2-acetylpyrrole | 5-methyl-2-furfural | benzyl acetate | cyclotene | diethyl succinate | ethyl acetoacetate | ethyl lactate | ethyl maltol | ethyl vanillin | furaneol | gamma-valerolactone | linalool | maltol | Menthol | menthone | methyl cinnamate | methylheptenone | methyl salicylate | Nicotine | pyridine | tetramethylpyrazine | vanillin | Details | ||||
| 6. | Farsalinos KE, et al. (2015). | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nicotine delivery potential of a new-generation electronic cigarette (EC) device in a group of smokers with no previous experience in EC use compared to a group of experienced vapers, and to examine the association between nicotine absorption and puffing topography. | tobacco | 2-butenal
| 4- |
Study subjects | Greece | e-cigarette, liquid | plasma | 2-butenal
| 4- |
Details | ||
| 7. | Bitzer ZT, et al. (2018). | In this study, we examined free radical, nicotine, and carbonyl delivery from the standardized research e-cigarette (SREC), Blu and Vuse under different puffing parameters to capture the likely changes across different user behaviors. | 2-butenal | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Acrolein | Formaldehyde | Free Radicals | methylethyl ketone | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | 2-butenal | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Acrolein | Formaldehyde | Free Radicals | methylethyl ketone | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | Details | ||||
| 8. | Farsalinos KE, et al. (2015). | In this study, electronic cigarette liquids were evaluated for the presence of selected tobacco-derived chemicals. | 4- |
Greece|United States | cigarette | e-cigarette, liquid | 4- |
Details | ||||
| 9. | Reilly SM, et al. (2018). | In conclusion, this brief report demonstrates the relative oxidant and nicotine levels produced by the Juul product as well as characterizes the propylene glycol: glycerol and nicotine content in the e-liquid itself. | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | Acetaldehyde | Acetone | Formaldehyde | Nicotine | propionaldehyde | Details | ||||
| 10. | Tayyarah R, et al. (2014). | The purpose of this study was to determine content and delivery of e-cigarette ingredients and to compare e-cigarette aerosol to conventional cigarettes with respect to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents for which conventional cigarette smoke is routinely tested. | tobacco | Acetaldehyde | Acrolein | Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter | Phenol | Phenols | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | propionaldehyde | Volatile Organic Compounds | United States | air | e-cigarette, vapor | Acetaldehyde | Acrolein | Carbon Monoxide | Nicotine | Phenol | Phenols | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | propionaldehyde | Volatile Organic Compounds | Details | |||
| 11. | Campbell RC, et al. (2014). | The aim of this study was to determine whether there are predictable relationships among major arsenic species in tobacco that could be useful for risk assessment; the dominance of inorganic arsenic species among those components analysed is a marked feature of the diverse range of tobaccos selected for study. | tobacco | Arsenicals | Nicotine | tobacco tar | Bulgaria|China| United Kingdom|United States |
tobacco | Arsenicals | Cacodylic Acid | monomethylarsonic acid | Nicotine | tobacco tar | Details | |||
| 12. | Pankow JF, et al. (2017). | We investigated formation of benzene (an important human carcinogen) from e-cigarette fluids containing propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (GL), benzoic acid, the flavor chemical benzaldehyde, and nicotine. | benzaldehyde | Benzene | Benzoic Acid | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | e-cigarette, vapor | Benzene | Benzoic Acid | Nicotine | Particulate Matter | Details | Neoplasms | |||
| 13. | Ferrari M, et al. (2015). | The short-term use of the specific brand of nicotine-free e-cigarette assessed in this study had no immediate adverse effects on non-smokers and only small effects on forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced expiratory flow 25% in smokers. | tobacco | Benzoic Acid | ethyl carbonate | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | quinoline | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Italy | Details | respiratory gaseous exchange | |||
| 14. | Wesselink AK, et al. (2016). | Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) | Total caffeine intake among males, but not females, was associated with fecundability, although the association was not monotonic; with respect to individual beverages, caffeinated black tea was associated with slight reductions among females, and caffeinated soda and energy drink were associated with reduced fecundability among males. | diet | sex | Caffeine | Study subjects | Canada|United States | beverage, caffeinated | tea, black | Caffeine | Details | female pregnancy |
| 15. | Go YM, et al. (2015). | We examined quantification strategies to enhance the usefulness of high-resolution metabolomics data for cumulative exposome research; the results provide a simple reference standardization protocol in which individual chemical concentrations are estimated by comparison to a concurrently analyzed, pooled reference sample with known chemical concentrations. | Caffeine | Chlorobenzoates | chlorsulfuron | Cotinine | Fyrol PCF | hippuric acid | meobal | octylphenol | pirimicarb | Styrene | Study subjects | United States | plasma | Caffeine | Chlorobenzoates | chlorsulfuron | Cotinine | Fyrol PCF | hippuric acid | meobal | octylphenol | pirimicarb | Styrene | Details | |||
| 16. | Yang H, et al. (2015). | Male Reproductive Health in Chongqing College students (MARHCS) | The primary objectives of the MARHCS study are to investigate the associations of male reproductive health in young adults with sociopsychobehavioral factors, as well as changes of environmental exposure due to the relocation from rural campus (in University Town) to metro-campus (in central downtown). | diet | tobacco | Caffeine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | China | semen | Details | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | |
| 17. | Lin VY, et al. (2018). | Here, we sought to determine if e-cigs are as safe as the general populace perceives, in regards to the deleterious effects of smoking on the ion transport environment of airway epithelia that are associated with chronic bronchitis. | tobacco | Citric Acid | Glycerol | Nicotine | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | Acrolein | Details | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive | active ion transmembrane transporter activity | ||
| 18. | No authors listed. (1996). | This report presents the findings that in 1994 at least 0.5% of infants in Georgia (US) had had perinatal exposure to cocaine. | Cocaine | Infants or newborns | United States | blood | benzoylecgonine | Details | |||
| 19. | Braun JM, et al. (2010). | Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) | We observed a dose-dependent relationship between the number of serum cotinine measurements consistent with secondhand or active tobacco smoke exposure during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy and meconium tobacco smoke metabolite concentrations. | Cotinine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | meconium | serum | Cotinine | Nicotine | Details | Birth Weight | |
| 20. | Antoniewicz L, et al. (2016). | In healthy volunteers, ten puffs of e-cigarette vapor inhalation caused an increase in endothelial progenitor cells. | Ethanol | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Sweden | breath | plasma | Cotinine | Nitric Oxide | Details | stem cell population maintenance | ||
| 21. | Valentine GW, et al. (2016). | Brief use of a widely available type of e-cigarette containing an e-liquid purchased from an Internet vendor can negatively impact psychomotor performance and in some instances, produce detectable levels of a urine alcohol metabolite. | Ethanol | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | urine | ethyl glucuronide | Details | psychomotor behavior | ||
| 22. | Kataria A, et al. (2015). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Perfluoroalkyl acids are associated with a reduction in kidney function and increased uric acid levels in otherwise healthy adolescents. | Fluorocarbons | Children | United States | serum | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Uric Acid | Details | glomerular filtration | |
| 23. | Son Y, et al. (2018). | This study examined the impact of e-liquid composition, e-cigarette device power output, and vaping topography on nicotine and nicotyrine concentrations under real-world vaping patterns. | Glycerol | Nicotine | Propylene Glycol | Study subjects | United States | e-cigarette, vapor | alpha-nicotyrine | Nicotine | Details | |||
| 24. | Kasperczyk S, et al. (2014). | We examined the effects of N-acetylcysteine administration on the non-enzymatic defense systems (e.g., uric acid, albumin, bilirubin and alpha-tocopherol) in male workers exposed to lead, over a 12 week study period. | Lead | Workers | Poland | blood | ALB | alpha-Tocopherol | Bilirubin | Lead | Lipid Peroxides | Uric Acid | zinc protoporphyrin | Details | |||
| 25. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2018). | Product testing results and participants' high urinary cotinine levels provide physiological evidence for significant nicotine exposure among pod users. | tobacco | Nicotine | Children | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | e-cigarette, vapor | urine | Cotinine | Nicotine | Details | ||
| 26. | Harte CB, et al. (2008). | The results of the present study provide the first empirical evidence that isolated nicotine significantly reduces physiological sexual arousal in healthy, young, nonsmoking women. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | plasma | Nicotine | Details | Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological | regulation of heart rate | |
| 27. | Whitehead T, et al. (2009). | Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS) | These findings suggest that house-dust nicotine concentrations reflect long-term exposures to cigarette smoke in the home and that they may be less biased surrogates for children's exposures to cigarette smoke than self-reported smoking habits. | Nicotine | Children | United States | dust | Nicotine | Details | ||
| 28. | Bullen C, et al. (2010). | This study compared the Ruyan V8 electronic nicotine delivery device containing 16 mg nicotine cartridges to one containing 0 mg cartridges (identical in appearance and in chemistry but lacking nicotine), Nicorette nicotine inhalator and usual cigarettes. We measured change in desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms, product preferences, serum nicotine levels and adverse events after 1 day's use. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | New Zealand | serum | Nicotine | Details | ||
| 29. | Etter JF, et al. (2011). | We conclude that cotinine levels in electronic nicotine delivery systems users were similar to levels observed, in previous reports, in smokers and higher than levels usually observed in nicotine replacement therapy users. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | Switzerland | saliva | Cotinine | Details | ||
| 30. | Vansickel AR, et al. (2013). | The purpose of the present study was to characterize the nicotine delivery profile, subjective, and cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in experienced ECs users who were using their preferred devices. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | plasma | Nicotine | Details | positive regulation of heart rate | |
| 31. | Kleinjan M, et al. (2012). | International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) | Nicotine dependence profiles are predicted by interactions between personal and environmental factors. | age | Nicotine | Children | Netherlands | Nicotine | Details | Tobacco Use Disorder | |
| 32. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2013). | Electronic cigarettes (EC) generate vapor that contains nicotine, but EC brands and models differ in their efficacy and consistency of nicotine vaporization. | tobacco | Nicotine | United Kingdom | e-cigarette, liquid | e-cigarette, vapor | Nicotine | Details | |||
| 33. | Etter JF, et al. (2013). | About half of the e-liquids analyzed in this study contained acceptable levels of nicotine-related impurities, the nicotine content corresponded, in general, to the labels on the bottles and no diethylene glycol was found in a sample of some of the most popular brands of e-liquids. | tobacco | Nicotine | Switzerland | e-cigarette, liquid | alpha-nicotyrine | Anabasine | anatabine | Cotinine | myosmine | Nicotine | nornicotine | Details | |||
| 34. | Dawkins L, et al. (2014). | This study aims to explore in experienced users the effect of using an 18 mg/ml nicotine first-generation e-cigarette on blood nicotine, tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and urge to smoke. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | United Kingdom | plasma | Nicotine | Details | ||
| 35. | Etter JF. (2014). | In summary, this and other studies show that vapers can obtain large amounts of nicotine from e-cigarettes, similar to levels observed in smokers and higher than levels usually observed in users of nicotine medications. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | France|Switzerland| United States |
saliva | Cotinine | Details | ||
| 36. | Goniewicz ML, et al. (2015). | This study indicates that there is a risk for thirdhand exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes. | Nicotine | United States | floor | Nicotine | Details | ||||
| 37. | Dicpinigaitis PV, et al. (2016). | A single session of e-cigarette use, approximating nicotine exposure of one tobacco cigarette, induces significant inhibition of cough reflex sensitivity. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | Details | reflex | |||
| 38. | Etter JF. (2016). | In summary, over the course of eight months in 2013-2014, experienced vapers decreased the concentration of nicotine in their e-liquids but increased their consumption of e-liquid in order to maintain their cotinine levels constant. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | Switzerland | saliva | Cotinine | Details | ||
| 39. | Duell AK, et al. (2018). | We employed the exchange-averaged 1H NMR chemical shifts of nicotine to determine free base form of nicotine in samples of e-liquids. | Nicotine | United States | e-cigarette, liquid | Nicotine | Details | ||||
| 40. | Harte CB, et al. (2008). | Isolated nicotine can significantly attenuate physiological sexual arousal in healthy nonsmoking men. | tobacco | Nicotine | Study subjects | United States | Nicotine | Details | Erectile Dysfunction | vasoconstriction | ||
| 41. | Sul D, et al. (2012). | Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body | This study is the first nationwide survey of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine in Korea and provides a background reference range for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine in the Korean general population. | Nicotine | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Study subjects | Korea, Republic of | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene | 2-naphthol | Cotinine | Details | ||
| 42. | Leventhal AM, et al. (2016). | This study is the first to comprehensively examine differences in psychiatric profiles between four different groups based on typologies of tobacco product use: (1) non-users; (2) e-cigarette only users; (3) conventional cigarette only users; and (4) dual users. | tobacco | Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Children | United States | Details | Anhedonia | Anxiety Disorders | Depressive Disorder, Major | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Panic Disorder | |||
| 43. | Flouris AD, et al. (2013). | In this study, we present the first comprehensive and standardized assessment regarding the impact of short term active and passive e-cigarette smoking on cotinine concentration and lung function compared to active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking. | tobacco | Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Greece | serum | Cotinine | Details | respiratory gaseous exchange | |
| 44. | Czoli CD, et al. (2018). | The current study examined exposure to nicotine and tobacco smoke constituents among dual users in the context of several product switches in a naturalistic setting. | tobacco | Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Study subjects | Canada | breath | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene
| 4- |
Details | ||
| 45. | Vinnikov D, et al. (2010). | In summary, we found levels of exposure to secondhand smoke both in socializing venues and at home to be high in participants in this study conducted in Kyrgyzstan. | tobacco | Nicotine | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Workers | Kyrgyzstan | air | hair | Nicotine | Details | Respiration Disorders | |
| 46. | McConnell R, et al. (2017). | Children's Health Study (CHS) | Adolescent e-cigarette users had increased rates of chronic bronchitic symptoms. | Nicotine | tobacco tar | Children | United States | Details | Bronchitis | Cough | Respiratory Sounds | Respiratory Tract Diseases | |||
| 47. | Peters KO, et al. (2017). | Center for Childhood Asthma in the Urban Environment (CCAUE) | Time spent in non-smoking homes was associated with significantly decreased urine 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG), and secondhand smoke exposures increased these levels; time spent outdoors was associated with increased urinary 1-OHPG concentrations in boys only; our results suggest that secondhand smoke and ambient outdoor air pollution contribute to internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in inner city children. | sex | tobacco | Particulate Matter | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Children | United States | air, indoor | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide | Nicotine | Particulate Matter | Details | |
| 48. | Schreinemachers DM, et al. (2015). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | This study investigated associations between urinary perchlorate and biomarkers of oxidative stress and iron homeostasis, including blood urea nitrogen, lymphocyte counts, serum uric acid, serum iron, and red blood cell counts. | perchlorate | Study subjects | United States | serum | urine | Iron | perchlorate | Uric Acid | Details | erythrocyte homeostasis | iron ion homeostasis | lymphocyte homeostasis | |
| 49. | Shankar A, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Our results demonstrate that elevated levels of perfluoroalkyl chemicals are associated with hyperuricemia even at low perfluoroalkyl chemical exposure levels as seen in a representative, multiethnic sample of US adults. | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Study subjects | United States | serum | Uric Acid | Details | Hyperuricemia | |
| 50. | Steenland K, et al. (2010). | C8 Health Project (C8HP) | Higher serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid were associated with a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia, but the limitations of cross-sectional data and the possibility of noncausal mechanisms prohibit conclusions regarding causality. | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Study subjects | United States | serum | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Uric Acid | Details | Hyperuricemia |