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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Benzhydryl CompoundsThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Woodruff TJ, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Our analysis of the NHANES pregnancy data shows ubiquitous exposure to multiple chemicals during a sensitive period of fetal development. | 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2,2',4,4',5,5'- |
Pregnant females | Study subjects | United States | blood | serum | urine | 1-hydroxypyrene
| 2,2',4,4',5,5'- |
Details | ||
| 2. | Braun JM, et al. (2014). | Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We used a semi-Bayesian hierarchical regression model to estimate associations between prenatal blood or urine concentrations of 52 suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals and autistic behaviors at 4 and 5 years of age in a prospective birth cohort of 175 mothers and their children. | socioeconomic status | tobacco | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Children | Pregnant females | Study subjects | United States | serum | urine | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| 3. | Robinson O, et al. (2015). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | In summary, the correlation analysis presented here of multiple environmental exposures among pregnant women provide a first picture of the structure of the exposome during the crucial in utero period. | 2,2',3,4,4',5',6- |
Pregnant females | Spain | air | blood, cord | colostrum | serum | urine | water | 2,2',3,4,4',5',6- |
Details | ||
| 4. | Agay-Shay K, et al. (2015). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Prenatal exposure to organochlorines was positively associated with overweight at age 7 years in our study population. | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Children | Pregnant females | Spain | blood, cord | serum | urine | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Details | Body Weight | Obesity | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 5. | Li Q, et al. (2015). | National Children's Study (NCS) | This is the first birth cohort study linking environmental pollutants and placental expression of microRNA; our results suggest that placental microRNA profiles may signal in utero exposures to environmental chemicals. | 2,4,5,2',5'- |
Infants or newborns | United States | placenta | 2,2',4,4',5,5'- |
Details | ||
| 6. | Lassen TH, et al. (2013). | In conclusion, we found low to moderate degree of temporal consistency for serial measurements of urinary bisphenol A and sum of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol excretion levels, while serial measurements of benzophenone-3 and triclosan showed higher consistency. | 2,4,5-trichlorophenol | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | 2-phenylphenol | 4-phenylphenol | bisphenol A | oxybenzone | triclocarban | Triclosan | Study subjects | Denmark | urine | 2,4,5-trichlorophenol | 2-phenylphenol | 4-phenylphenol | bisphenol A | Chlorophenols | oxybenzone | triclocarban | Triclosan | Details | |||
| 7. | Frederiksen H, et al. (2013). | Children were significantly higher exposed to bisphenol A and some phthalates than their mothers, whereas mothers were higher exposed to compounds related to cosmetics and personal care products such as parabens, benzophenone-3, triclosan and diethyl phthalate; however, a very high correlation between mothers and their children was observed for all chemicals. | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | 2-phenylphenol | 4-phenylphenol | benzylparaben | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | isobutylparaben | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | triclocarban | Triclosan | Children | Mothers | Denmark | urine | 2,4,5-trichlorophenol
| 2,4-dichlorophenol
| 2,5-dichlorophenol
| 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| 2-phenylphenol
| 4-phenylphenol
| benzylparaben
| bisphenol A
| butylbenzyl phthalate
| butylparaben
| Dibutyl Phthalate
| Diethylhexyl Phthalate
| diethyl phthalate
| diisobutyl phthalate
| diisononyl phthalate
| ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
| isobutylparaben
| methylparaben
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | |||
| 8. | Vernet C, et al. (2018). | SEPAGES | During pregnancy, phenol biomarkers showed a strong within-day variability, while the variability between days of a given week was more limited. | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan | Pregnant females | France | urine | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan | Details | ||
| 9. | LaRocca J, et al. (2015). | Harvard Epigenetic Birth Cohort (HEBC) | These results suggest that prenatal phenol and phthalate exposure is associated with altered microRNA expression in placenta, suggesting a potential mechanism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals toxicity in humans. | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisodecyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | Parabens | Phenols | Phthalic Acids | propylparaben | Triclosan | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | placenta | urine | 2,4-dichlorophenol
| 2,5-dichlorophenol
| 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| bisphenol A
| butylparaben
| diisodecyl phthalate
| diisononyl phthalate
| methylparaben
| MIR142
| MIR15A
| MIR185
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | regulation of gene silencing by miRNA | |
| 10. | Ferguson KK, et al. (2014). | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) | We explored the relationship of prenatal and childhood exposures to phthalates and bisphenol A with pubertal onset and sex hormones in boys (ages 8-14); prenatal exposure was associated with decreased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, decreased inhibin B, increased SHBG, greatly reduced odds of adrenarche, and slightly reduced odds of puberty, while childhood exposure was not associated with adrenarche or puberty, but some exposures were associated with increased SHBG levels and decreased testosterone levels. | age | sex | 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| bisphenol A
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Children | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Mexico | serum | urine | 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate
| bisphenol A
| Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
| INHBB
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | dehydroepiandrosterone secretion | development of secondary male sexual characteristics | inhibin secretion | testosterone secretion |
| 11. | Nazaroff W, et al. (2012). | The study introduces the intake-to-production ratio as an economy-wide quantitative indicator of the extent to which chemical production results in human exposure. This ratio is well suited as an aggregate metric of exposure intensity for characterizing population-level exposure to synthesized chemicals, particularly those that move fairly rapidly from manufacture to human intake and have relatively stable production and intake rates. | 4-dichlorobenzene | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | methylparaben | Triclosan | Study subjects | United States | 4-dichlorobenzene | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | Dibutyl Phthalate | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | methylparaben | Triclosan | Details | ||||
| 12. | Dodson RE, et al. (2012). | Common products contain complex mixtures of Endocrine-disrupting compounds and asthma-related compounds. | 4-nonylphenol | 4-tert-octylphenol | benzophenone | benzyl acetate | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | Dibutyl Phthalate | dicyclohexyl phthalate | diethanolamine | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | di-n-hexyl phthalate | di-n-octyl phthalate | di-n-propylphthalate | Ethanolamine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | Eugenol | galaxolide | Limonene | linalool | methyleugenol | methylionone | methylparaben | methyl salicylate | musk ketone | musk xylene | n-butoxyethanol | octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | octylmethoxycinnamate | oxybenzone | phenoxyethanol | Phenyl Ethers | Phenylethyl Alcohol | pichtosin | triclocarban | Triclosan | United States | air freshener | air freshener, car | baking soda | bar soap | body lotion | body wash | Borax | car interior cleaner | carpet cleaner | cat litter | conditioner | deodorant | diaper | dish liquid | dishwasher detergent | dryer sheet | fabric refresher | facial cleanser | facial lotion | floor cleaner | foundation | fragrance or perfume | glass cleaner | hair gel | hair spray or mousse or gel | hand sanitizer | hand soap | laundry bleach | laundry detergent | lip balm | lipstick | mascara | nail polish | pillow protector | polish or wax | scrubbing powder | shampoo | shaving cream | shower curtain, vinyl | stain remover | sunscreen | sunscreen composite | surface cleaner | toilet bowl cleaner | toothpaste | tub and tile cleaner | wet mop | 4-nonylphenol | 4-tert-octylphenol | benzophenone | benzyl acetate | bisphenol A | butylbenzyl phthalate | butylparaben | decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | Dibutyl Phthalate | dicyclohexyl phthalate | diethanolamine | Diethylhexyl Phthalate | diethyl phthalate | diisobutyl phthalate | diisononyl phthalate | di-n-hexyl phthalate | di-n-octyl phthalate | di-n-propylphthalate | Ethanolamine | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | Eugenol | galaxolide | Limonene | linalool | methyleugenol | methylionone | methylparaben | methyl salicylate | musk ketone | musk xylene | n-butoxyethanol | octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | octylmethoxycinnamate | oxybenzone | phenoxyethanol | Phenyl Ethers | Phenylethyl Alcohol | pichtosin | triclocarban | Triclosan | Details | ||||
| 13. | Huang YF, et al. (2017). | Our results support a role for exposure to 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A and possibly inflammation in increasing oxidative/nitrative stress and decreasing antioxidant activity during pregnancy. | 4-nonylphenol | bisphenol A | Pregnant females | Taiwan, Province of China | blood | blood, cord | urine | 4-nonylphenol | 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha | 8-nitroguanine | 8-oxo-7-hydrodeoxyguanosine | bisphenol A | GPX1 | TNF | Details | negative regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity | tumor necrosis factor production | ||
| 14. | Calafat AM, et al. (2008). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Urine concentrations of total bisphenol A differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. | age | race | sex | socioeconomic status | 4-tert-octylphenol | bisphenol A | Children | Study subjects | United States | urine | 4-tert-octylphenol | bisphenol A | Details | |
| 15. | Fénichel P, et al. (2012). | The presence of unconjugated bisphenol A in all cord blood samples suggests placental transfer and fetal exposure. | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Controls for disease:Cryptorchidism | Subjects with disease:Cryptorchidism | Infants or newborns | France | blood, cord | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Details | |||
| 16. | Shapiro GD, et al. (2015). | Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study | Our findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the role of maternal arsenic exposure as a risk factor for gestational diabetes; however, no statistically significant associations were observed for phthalates, bisphenol A, or other metals. | Arsenic | bisphenol A | Cadmium | Lead | Mercury | Phthalic Acids | Subjects with disease:Diabetes, Gestational | Subjects with disease:Glucose Intolerance | Pregnant females | Canada | blood | urine | Arsenic
| bisphenol A
| Cadmium
| Lead
| Mercury
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | Diabetes, Gestational | Glucose Intolerance | |
| 17. | Thayer KA, et al. (2016). | Our results indicate that thermal paper is a potential source of exposure to bisphenol A and similar compounds for cashiers and may be a source of exposure for other occupations in which frequent contact with thermal paper occurs. | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | Workers | United States | paper | urine | bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone | bisphenol A | Details | |||
| 18. | Nepomnaschy PA, et al. (2009). | North Carolina Early Pregnancy Study (EPS) | The similar distribution to NHANES samples and correlation of bisphenol A levels taken at 2-week intervals provide indirect evidence that bisphenol A is relatively stable during long-term freezer storage. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 19. | Cantonwine D, et al. (2010). | Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) | This study also provides preliminary evidence, based on a single spot urine sample collected during the third trimester, that pregnant women who delivered less than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation and prematurely had higher urinary concentrations of bisphenol A compared to women delivering after 37 weeks. | bisphenol A | Pregnant females | Mexico | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 20. | Braun JM, et al. (2014). | Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) | Prenatal and early-childhood bisphenol A (BPA) exposures were not associated with increased body mass index at 2-5 years of age, but higher early-childhood BPA exposures were associated with accelerated growth during this period. | bisphenol A | Children | Pregnant females | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 21. | Galloway T, et al. (2010). | InCHIANTI Study | We estimated daily excretion of bisphenol A among adults and examined hypothesized associations with serum estrogen and testosterone concentrations. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | Italy | urine | bisphenol A | Details | hormone metabolic process | |
| 22. | Upson K, et al. (2014). | Women's Risk of Endometriosis Study (WREN) | Our study suggests that increased urinary bisphenol A is associated with an increased risk of non-ovarian pelvic endometriosis, but not ovarian endometriosis. | bisphenol A | Controls for disease:Endometriosis | Subjects with disease:Endometriosis | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Endometriosis | |
| 23. | Eng DS, et al. (2013). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Higher levels of urinary bisphenol A were associated with a higher odds of obesity and abnormal waist circumference-to-height ratio. | bisphenol A | Children | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Obesity | |
| 24. | Shankar A, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Urinary bisphenol A levels are found to be associated with diabetes mellitus independent of traditional diabetes risk factors. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | |
| 25. | Chou WC, et al. (2011). | Elevated prenatal bisphenol A exposure increased the risk of lower birth weight, smaller size for gestational age, and adverse actions of adipokines in neonates, especially in male infants. | sex | bisphenol A | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Taiwan, Province of China | blood, cord | plasma | serum | serum, cord | bisphenol A | Details | Birth Weight | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | metabolic process | |
| 26. | Yang CW, et al. (2014). | These results indicated that trans-placental bisphenol A exposure down-regulated gene expression of SOX2 and PAX6, potentially underlying the adverse effect on childhood neuronal development. | bisphenol A | Pregnant females | Taiwan, Province of China | blood, cord | bisphenol A | PAX6 | SOX2 | Details | |||
| 27. | Lakind JS, et al. (2012). | Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | For this paper, we analyzed spot urinary bisphenol A data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Canadian Health Measures Survey to highlight important methodological issues that should be reviewed before comparing population exposures using these data sets. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | Canada|United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 28. | Melzer D, et al. (2012). | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) | Associations between higher bisphenol A exposure (reflected in higher urinary concentrations) and incident coronary artery disease during >10 years of follow-up showed trends similar to previously reported cross-sectional findings in the more highly exposed NHANES respondents. | bisphenol A | Controls for disease:Coronary Artery Disease | Subjects with disease:Coronary Artery Disease | Study subjects | United Kingdom | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Coronary Artery Disease | |
| 29. | Shankar A, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We observed a positive association between increasing levels of urinary bisphenol A and hypertension independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, diabetes mellitus and total serum cholesterol levels. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Hypertension | |
| 30. | Nelson JW, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | In these data, family income with adjustment for family size was the strongest predictor of bisphenol A and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals levels among the different measures of socioeconomic position we studied. | socioeconomic status | bisphenol A | Children | Study subjects | United States | serum | urine | bisphenol A | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | Details | |
| 31. | Lorber M, et al. (2015). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | In this study, we measured the concentration of bisphenol A in convenience samplings of foodstuffs purchased in Dallas, Texas. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | fruit, canned | fruit, packaged | meat, canned | urine | vegetable, canned | vegetable, packaged | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 32. | Li DK, et al. (2010). | Our results reveal a correlation between a biological measure of urine bisphenol A level and declining male sexual function. | bisphenol A | Workers | China | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Erectile Dysfunction | penile erection | ||
| 33. | Melzer D, et al. (2011). | InCHIANTI Study | Because activation of nuclear-receptor-mediated pathways by bisphenol A is consistently found in laboratory studies, such activation in humans provides evidence that bisphenol A is likely to function as a xenoestrogen in this sample of adults. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | Italy | urine | bisphenol A | Details | intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway | |
| 34. | Meeker JD, et al. (2010). | We found that urinary bisphenol A concentrations measured in spot urine samples collected on the same day as a semen sample were associated with suggestive declines in semen quality parameters and with increased sperm DNA damage (measured as Tail%). | bisphenol A | Subjects with disease:Infertility, Male | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Infertility, Male | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | ||
| 35. | Carwile JL, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | In this cross-sectional analysis of pooled 2003-2006 NHANES, urinary bisphenol A was associated with general and central obesity. | age | race | sex | tobacco | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Obesity, Abdominal | Obesity |
| 36. | LaKind JS, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | With scientifically and clinically supportable exclusion criteria and outcome definitions, we consistently found no associations between urinary bisphenol A and heart disease or diabetes across four NHANES datasets. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Heart Diseases | ||
| 37. | Valvi D, et al. (2013). | This study provides some evidence for an association between prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and obesity-related outcomes in childhood, although not in infancy. The large uncertainties in BPA exposure assessment require that findings be interpreted with caution. | age | bisphenol A | Children | Pregnant females | Spain | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Obesity | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 38. | Lassen TH, et al. (2014). | We found that 98% of young men from the general population had detectable urinary levels of bisphenol A, and this was associated with altered levels of reproductive hormones and decreased motile spermatozoa. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | Denmark | serum | urine | bisphenol A | Estradiol | LHB | Testosterone | Details | estradiol secretion | luteinizing hormone secretion | sperm motility | testosterone biosynthetic process | testosterone secretion | ||
| 39. | Silver MK, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Although higher urinary bisphenol A was associated with elevated hemoglobin A1c and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pooled analysis, it was driven by data from only one NHANES cycle. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | |
| 40. | Lakind JS, et al. (2011). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | On the basis of an assessment of urinary bisphenol A and questionnaire data, consumption of soda, school lunches, and meals prepared outside the home - but not bottled water or canned tuna - was statistically significantly associated with higher urinary bisphenol A. | diet | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | |
| 41. | Callan AC, et al. (2013). | Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) Study | This study provides the first information on bisphenol A exposure in Australia and reveals that pregnant women have measured biological concentrations of urinary bisphenol A similar to those reported for pregnant women in other developed countries. | bisphenol A | Pregnant females | Australia | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 42. | Bhandari R, et al. (2013). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | In a representative sample of children, urinary bisphenol A was associated with obesity, predominantly in non-Hispanic white boys, independent of major risk factors. | race | sex | bisphenol A | Children | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Obesity |
| 43. | Kim JH, et al. (2013). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | These data indicate that bisphenol A may affect human health through specific epigenomic modification of genes in relevant pathways. | bisphenol A | Children | Egypt | urine | bisphenol A | Details | DNA methylation | |
| 44. | Li DK, et al. (2013). | Our study indicated that exposure to high bisphenol A level may contribute to childhood obesity. | sex | bisphenol A | Children | China | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Overweight | |
| 45. | Quirós-Alcalá L, et al. (2013). | Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) | In the present study, we evaluated variability and identified predictors of urinary bisphenol A concentrations measured at two time points during pregnancy in a sample of predominantly low-income Mexican/Mexican-American women living in California. | bisphenol A | Pregnant females | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | ||
| 46. | Melzer D, et al. (2010). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Higher Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, reflected in higher urinary concentrations of BPA, is consistently associated with reported heart disease in the general adult population of the USA. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Angina Pectoris | Coronary Disease | Diabetes Mellitus | Myocardial Infarction | alkaline phosphatase activity | lactate dehydrogenase activity | |
| 47. | Shankar A, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | In a contemporary general population sample of US adults, we found that higher urinary bisphenol A positively associated with obesity in the whole population as well as in subgroup analysis by gender and race/ethnicity. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Obesity | |
| 48. | Shankar A, et al. (2012). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Urinary bisphenol A levels were significantly associated with peripheral arterial disease, independent of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. | race | sex | tobacco | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | Peripheral Arterial Disease |
| 49. | Ye X, et al. (2011). | Regardless of the type of void, urinary bisphenol A concentrations for a given adult changed considerably, both within a day and for the 7 days of the study period. Single 24-hour urine collections accurately reflect daily exposure but can misrepresent variability in daily exposures over time. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details | |||
| 50. | Casey MF, et al. (2013). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | Using NHANES data from three cycles, we explored the consistency and robustness of reported effects of bisphenol A on chronic disease outcomes, and found that limitations in the NHANES data and a poor understanding of the mode of action of bisphenol A have made it difficult to develop informative statistical models. | bisphenol A | Study subjects | United States | urine | bisphenol A | Details |