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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-RingThese are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Hedley AJ, et al. (2006). | In a 2002-2003 World Health Organization exposure study, 13 pools of breast milk comprising samples from 316 primiparous women in Hong Kong in 2002 were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for 29 polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins /dibenzofurans and dioxin-like poly-chlorinated biphenyls congeners. | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Mothers | Hong Kong | milk, human | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | |||
| 2. | Warner M, et al. (2014). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | We measured individual 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and total toxic equivalent concentrations in serum collected approximately twenty years after the 1976 explosion for a sample of the Seveso Women's Health Study cohort. | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Controls for disease:Chloracne | Subjects with disease:Chloracne | Study subjects | Italy | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | ||
| 3. | Lee DH, et al. (2007). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | This study suggests that the prevalence of a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors relates to background exposure to a mixture of persistent organic pollutants, several of which are also related to the prevalence of diabetes. | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Study subjects | United States | Details | Insulin Resistance | Metabolic Syndrome | cholesterol metabolic process | regulation of blood pressure | triglyceride metabolic process | |||
| 4. | Pless-Mulloli T, et al. (2005). | Long term residency near heavy and chemical industry did not have an effect on women's body burden of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and furans and polychlorinated biphenyls on Teesside, UK. | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Study subjects | United Kingdom | blood | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | |||
| 5. | Kalkbrenner AE, et al. (2018). | Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) | Some air toxics were associated with autism spectrum disorder risk and severity, including some traffic-related air pollutants and newly-reported associations, but other previously reported associations with metals and volatile organic compounds were not reproducible. | 1,4-dioxane | 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate | 4-dichlorobenzene | benzidine | bromoform | Carbon Disulfide | chlorobenzene | Dibenzofurans | methyl tert-butyl ether | propionaldehyde | Urethane | Controls for disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | Subjects with disease:Autism Spectrum Disorder | United States | Details | Autism Spectrum Disorder | |||
| 6. | Wang SL, et al. (2004). | This study has provided an indication of polychlorinated biphenyl, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, and dibenzofuran body burden from a group of childbearing aged women and their newborns among the general population in central Taiwan. | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Pregnant females | Taiwan, Province of China | blood | blood, cord | milk, human | placenta | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Endocrine Disruptors | Heterocyclic Compounds | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Details | |||
| 7. | Kim JS, et al. (2003). | We conclude that exposure to Agent Orange is associated with various health impacts in Korean Vietnam veterans. | Agent Orange | Veterans | Vietnam | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Eczema | Heart Valve Diseases | Hypertension | Myocardial Ischemia | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases | Radiculopathy | Retinal Diseases | ||||
| 8. | Fujiyoshi PT, et al. (2006). | Air Force Health Study | These results show that the mRNA ratio of SLC2A4 to NFKB1 is a reliable marker for the diabetogenic action of dioxin, particularly at very low exposure levels that are not much higher than those found in the general public. | Agent Orange | Veterans | United States | adipose tissue | serum | Dioxins | NFKB1 | SLC2A4 | Details | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 | |
| 9. | Chamie K, et al. (2008). | Individuals who were exposed to Agent Orange had an increased incidence of prostate cancer, developed the disease at a younger age, and had a more aggressive variant than their unexposed counterparts. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | Details | Prostatic Neoplasms | ||||
| 10. | Zafar MB, et al. (2001). | Agent Orange may have a role in the causation of some types of cancer but we identified no significant relationship of prostate cancer with Agent Orange exposure in patients referred for prostate biopsy. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | Details | Prostatic Neoplasms | ||||
| 11. | Kern PA, et al. (2004). | These data suggest that high blood tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) levels, from exposure to Agent Orange, may promote an insulin-resistant state, but the magnitude of this effect appeared to be small, such that an 18-fold increase in blood TCDD resulted in only a 10% change in insulin sensitivity. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Insulin Resistance | ||
| 12. | Michalek JE, et al. (2001). | We found an increased risk of 'other liver disorders' among veterans with the highest dioxin levels; whether the associations observed were causal is unclear from these data. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Veterans | United States | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Liver Diseases | ||
| 13. | Beard JD, et al. (2016). | Genes and Environmental Exposures in Veterans with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (GENEVA) | We evaluated associations between military-related factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using data from a case-control study of US military veterans; among some of the positive associations (needing confirmation) were exposure to military herbicides, military nasopharyngeal radium, and Agent Orange. | Agent Orange | Defoliants, Chemical | Radium | Subjects with disease:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Veterans | United States | Details | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | |||
| 14. | Zablotska LB, et al. (2008). | Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) | Intakes of B-vitamins and antioxidants, at doses greater than the current recommended daily amounts for the country, may reduce the risk of arsenic-related skin lesions in Bangladesh. | age | body mass index | sex | socioeconomic status | Arsenic | Ascorbic Acid | Folic Acid | Pyridoxine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin E | Study subjects | Bangladesh | Details | Skin Ulcer | ||
| 15. | Sudaryanto A, et al. (2005). | This study determined the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane in breast milk collected in 2003 from primipara mothers living in Malaysia. | Benzofurans | DDT | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Pesticides | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Mothers | Malaysia | milk, human | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | |||
| 16. | Kunisue T, et al. (2006). | Organochlorine levels in human breast milk from primiparae were significantly higher than those from multiparae, implying elimination via lactation, and significant positive correlations were observed between levels and the age of primiparae; these results indicate that the mothers with higher age may transfer higher amounts to the first infant than those born afterwards through breast-feeding, and hence the first born children might be at higher risk. | age | diet | Benzofurans | DDT | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Pesticides | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Mothers | Japan | milk, human | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | ||
| 17. | Orban JE, et al. (1994). | National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) | The survey provides a baseline of average levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the adipose tissue of humans in the US population. | Benzofurans | Dioxins | Study subjects | United States | adipose tissue | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | ||
| 18. | LaKind JS, et al. (2009). | Contrary to earlier research, we found that lipid-adjusted concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and organochlorine pesticides in serum and milk do not consistently decrease during lactation and can increase for some women; thus, the concept of pumping and discarding early milk as means of reducing infant exposure is not supported. | Benzofurans | Dioxins | Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers | Pesticides | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Mothers | United States | milk, human | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | |||
| 19. | Humblet O, et al. (2011). | This study provides suggestive evidence that average serum concentrations of dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls are decreasing over time among residents in Chapaevsk, Russia. During this nine year period, larger decreases in serum total toxic equivalency and polychlorinated biphenyls were found in women with greater increases in body mass index. | body mass index | Benzofurans | Dioxins | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Study subjects | Russian Federation | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | ||
| 20. | Collins JJ, et al. (2007). | This study examines serum levels of chlorinated dioxins and furans and PCBs for workers with potential chlorophenol exposure, worker referents, and community referents; distinct patterns of dioxin congeners were found many years after exposure among workers with different chlorophenol exposures. | Chlorophenols | Study subjects | Workers | United States | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | |||
| 21. | Keegan T, et al. (2007). | Our results here show that experimental records at Porton Down offer a unique and valuable resource for reconstructing the chemical exposures used in this research programme. | dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine | Mustard Gas | Sarin | Veterans | United Kingdom | dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine | Mustard Gas | Sarin | Details | ||||
| 22. | Mínguez-Alarcón L, et al. (2016). | Russian Children's Study | Our prospective cohort study showed that higher peripubertal serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins toxic equivalents were associated with lower sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile sperm count measured 10 years later in healthy young men. | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Dioxins | Furans | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Children | Study subjects | Russian Federation | serum | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Infertility, Male | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | |
| 23. | Lin KC, et al. (2008). | Our study showed dose-dependent neurocognitive deficits in certain aspects of attention, visual memory, and learning ability in women previously exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, but not in exposed men. | sex | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Study subjects | Taiwan, Province of China | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Details | learning or memory | ||
| 24. | Aylward LL, et al. (2008). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) | University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES) | The objective of this study was to a) provide an assessment of the degree of change in lipid-adjusted toxic equivalent concentrations over the past three decades, and b) demonstrate the use of example human data sets in a margin of exposure framework for assessing noncancer risks of dioxins and related compounds. | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Children | Study subjects | Italy|United States | serum | Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated | Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | ||
| 25. | Mocarelli P, et al. (2011). | In utero and lactational exposure of sons to relatively low dioxin doses can permanently reduce sperm quality. | Dioxins | Mothers | Study subjects | Italy | serum | FSHB | INHBB | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | spermatogenesis | sperm motility | ||
| 26. | Chang JW, et al. (2016). | We find that serum dioxin/furan toxic equivalents and abdominal obesity affect the association with insulin resistance in the study population. | Dioxins | Subjects with disease:Obesity, Abdominal | Taiwan, Province of China | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | Insulin Resistance | ||
| 27. | Wattigney WA, et al. (2015). | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | We examined serum levels of persistent organic pollutants among four geographical U.S. regions (northeast, midwest, south, and west); differences in higher body burdens of exposure could be attributed to region-specific patterns of land use, industrial and agricultural chemical applications, and different levels of regulatory activity. | Environmental Pollutants | Study subjects | United States | serum | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8- |
Details | ||
| 28. | Louis ED, et al. (2011). | Blood harmane and lead concentrations separately correlated with total tremor scores. Participants with high blood concentrations of both toxicants had the highest tremor scores, suggesting an additive effect of these toxicants on tremor severity. | harman | Lead | Controls for disease:Essential Tremor | Subjects with disease:Essential Tremor | United States | blood | harman | Lead | Details | Essential Tremor | ||
| 29. | Comba P, et al. (2003). | The study shows a significant increase in risk of soft tissue sarcomas associated with residence within 2 km of an industrial waste incinerator; an aetiological role of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can be hypothesised. | Industrial Waste | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | Details | Sarcoma | ||||
| 30. | Rodríguez-Dozal S, et al. (2012). | Profile of pregnant women's exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Mexico | Organic Chemicals | Pregnant females | Mexico | blood | plasma | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5- |
Details | |||
| 31. | Ye M, et al. (2018). | Seveso Second Generation Health Study | Our results suggest that maternal serum 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) near the time of explosion is associated with lower risk of eczema, which supports other evidence pointing to the dysregulated immune effects of TCDD. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Children | Pregnant females | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Asthma | Eczema | Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal | |
| 32. | Eskenazi B, et al. (2003). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | We report the lack of an association between maternal serum levels of TCDD and adverse birth outcomes in the cohort of women exposed to dioxin in Seveso, Italy. However, associations of TCDD and lowered birth weight and SGA are somewhat stronger, albeit nonsignificant, for those pregnancies occurring in the first TCDD half-life (within 8 years) after the explosion. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Abortion, Spontaneous | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |
| 33. | Warner M, et al. (2007). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | We found no clear evidence that 1976 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin exposure was associated with ovarian function 20 years later in women exposed to relatively high levels in Seveso, Italy. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | ovulation | |
| 34. | Eskenazi B, et al. (2002). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | In summary, we found a doubled, nonsignificant, risk for endometriosis among women with serum TCDD levels of >= 100 parts per trillion. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Controls for disease:Endometriosis | Subjects with disease:Endometriosis | Study subjects | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Endometriosis | |
| 35. | Collins JJ, et al. (2009). | With the exception of soft tissue sarcoma, the authors found little evidence of increased disease risk from exposure to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Workers | United States | Details | Death | Sarcoma | ||||
| 36. | Pesatori AC, et al. (2009). | The extension of the Seveso cancer incidence study confirmed an excess risk of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue neoplasms in the most (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) exposed zones. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | Details | Breast Neoplasms | Hematologic Neoplasms | ||||
| 37. | Gupta A, et al. (2006). | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin exposure at general population levels is associated with a decreasing risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia with higher exposure levels; tetrachlorodibenzodioxin exposure is also negatively associated with serum testosterone levels. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Veterans | United States | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Prostatic Hyperplasia | testosterone biosynthetic process | ||
| 38. | Tuyet-Hanh TT, et al. (2010). | This study used the Australian Environmental Health Risk Assessment Framework to assess the human health risk of dioxin exposure through foods for local residents in two wards of Bien Hoa City, Vietnam. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Vietnam | food | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | |||
| 39. | Consonni D, et al. (2008). | The Seveso accident in 1976 caused a large, populated area north of Milan, Italy, to be contaminated by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In this study, the authors followed up the exposed population for chronic effects; this paper reports the results of the mortality follow-up extension for 1997-2001. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Leukemia | Lymphoma | Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin | Multiple Myeloma | Neoplasms | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive | Vascular Diseases | ||||
| 40. | Warner M, et al. (2011). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | Individual serum Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin is significantly positively related with all cancer incidence in the Seveso Women's Health Study cohort, more than 30 years later. This all-female study adds to the epidemiologic evidence that Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin is a multisite carcinogen. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details | Neoplasms | |
| 41. | Warner M, et al. (2013). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | We found an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, but only among women who were the youngest at the time of the explosion. | age | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Study subjects | Italy | Details | Diabetes Mellitus | Metabolic Syndrome | Obesity | ||
| 42. | Eskenazi B, et al. (2004). | Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) | In summary, female residents of the area near Seveso, Italy, at the time of the 1976 explosion were exposed to high levels of TCDD. Serum TCDD levels were related to a number of factors, particularly zone of residence and age. | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Controls for disease:Chloracne | Subjects with disease:Chloracne | Study subjects | Italy | serum | Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin | Details |