Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

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These are exposure studies associated with the chemical and all of its children.

	Reference	Associated Study Title	Author's Summary	Study Factors	Stressor	Receptors	Country	Medium	Exposure Marker	Measurements	Outcome
1.	Cao J, et al. (2012).		Our findings suggest that Particulate Matter (PM2.5) constituents from the combustion of fossil fuel may have an appreciable influence on the health effects attributable to PM2.5 in Xi'an.		Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter		China	air	Arsenic | Bromine | Cadmium | Calcium | Chlorides | Chlorine | Chromium | Fluorides | Iron | Lead | Magnesium | Manganese | Molybdenum | Nickel | Nitrates | Nitrites | Nitrogen Dioxide | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Sodium | Sulfates | Sulfur | Sulfur Dioxide | Titanium | Zinc	Details	Cardiovascular Diseases | Respiration Disorders
2.	Wang SX, et al. (2007).		Children's intelligence and growth can be affected by high concentrations of arsenic or fluoride.		Arsenic | Fluorides	Children	China	urine | water	Arsenic | Fluorides	Details	cognition
3.	Vandevijvere S, et al. (2009).	National Food Consumption Survey	In this study fluoride intake through bottled and tap water consumption in the Belgian adult population was assessed, taking into account regional differences.		Fluorides	Study subjects	Belgium		Fluorides	Details
4.	Malde MK, et al. (2011).		By combining the results of field studies in Ethiopia, the relevant pathways for fluoride intake have been identified in 28 children 2-5 years of age living in two villages on the Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate. We estimated the total fluoride intake for each child to be 3.1 milligrams per day (village A) and 15.7 milligrams per day (village K).		Fluorides	Children	Ethiopia	water, well	Fluorides	Details
5.	Amouei AI, et al. (2012).		In parts of rural areas of Khaf, Iran, the fluoride of drinking water is lower than the standard set by the World Health Organization. Thirty-one percent of the samples had a fluoride level less than the permissible limit, 4% had higher than the permissible level, and 65% of the samples had a level within the optimum limit.		Fluorides		Iran, Islamic Republic of	water	Fluorides	Details
6.	Indermitte E, et al. (2009).		This study provides an overview of the fluoride content in drinking water and the extent of human exposure to different levels of fluoride through drinking water for the whole of Estonia.		Fluorides	Study subjects	Estonia	water	Fluorides	Details	Fluorosis, Dental
7.	Zhang S, et al. (2015).		Fluoride exposure was adversely associated with children's intelligence, and the COMT polymorphism may increase the susceptibility to the deficits in IQ due to fluoride exposure.		Fluorides	Children	China	serum | urine | water, drinking	Fluorides	Details	cognition
8.	Ogbu IS, et al. (2012).		The mean level of fluoride in well water in Enugu, Nigeria are currently within safe limits but should be monitored continuously, in view of the increasing industrial activities, heavy reliance on well water for domestic purposes, and widespread use of consumer products containing fluoride.		Fluorides		Nigeria	water	Fluorides	Details
9.	Chen Q, et al. (2009).		Selenium increases expression of HSP70 and antioxidant enzymes to lessen oxidative damage in Fincoal-type fluorosis.		Fluorides | Selenium	Study subjects	China			Details	Fluorosis, Dental | gene expression
10.	Fan Z, et al. (2016).		The prevalence of brick tea-type dental and skeletal fluorosis is high in Tibet because of the habit of drinking brick tea in this region; the altitude and occupational factors are important risk factors, with herdsmen having the highest fluoride exposure and the most severe skeletal fluorosis.	diet	Fluorides | Tea	Children | Study subjects	China	tea | tea, brick | urine | water, drinking	Fluorides	Details	Fluorosis, Dental
11.	Tiwari P, et al. (2010).		Dental fluorosis was prevalent in 121 (29.3%) study subjects. It was significantly more in children of age 13 years or above, in those who used fluoridated toothpaste for dental cleaning and in anemic children. However, there was no significant association of disease with gender, source of drinking water, and with body mass index.		Fluorides, Topical	Children	India			Details	Fluorosis, Dental