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Illuminating how chemicals affect human health.
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and AbnormalitiesThese are exposure studies associated with the disease and all of its children.
| Reference | Associated Study Title | Author's Summary | Study Factors | Stressor | Receptors | Country | Medium | Exposure Marker | Measurements | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Choi H, et al. (2008). | Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is likely to contribute to the occurrence of small size for gestational age as well as preterm births among African Americans. | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Pregnant females | United States | air | 1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 2. | Rull RP, et al. (2006). | Data on two case-control study populations of infants with neural tube defects (NTDs) and nonmalformed controls delivered in California between 1987 and 1991 were pooled to investigate whether maternal residential proximity to applications of specific pesticides or physicochemical groups of pesticides during early gestation increases the risk of these malformations. | 1,3-dichloro-1-propene | Amides | Benomyl | Benzimidazoles | Captan | Chlorpyrifos | devrinol | Dimethoate | Disulfoton | Methomyl | methyl carbamate | methyl demeton | Naled | Organophosphorus Compounds | vendex | Infants or newborns | United States | 1,3-dichloro-1-propene | Amides | Benomyl | Benzimidazoles | Captan | Chlorpyrifos | devrinol | Dimethoate | Disulfoton | Methomyl | methyl carbamate | methyl demeton | Naled | Organophosphorus Compounds | vendex | Details | Anencephaly | Neural Tube Defects | Spinal Dysraphism | |||
| 3. | Main KM, et al. (2007). | Two different proxies were used for prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism. | 2,2',3,4,4',5',6- |
Infants or newborns | Mothers | Denmark|Finland | milk, human | placenta | 2,2',3,4,4',5',6- |
Details | Cryptorchidism | ||
| 4. | Lopez-Espinosa MJ, et al. (2016). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between prenatal exposure to some polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene and fetal growth: abdominal circumference during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, and biparietal diameter and femur length later in pregnancy. | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Spain | blood, cord | serum | 2,2',3',4,4',5- |
Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | |
| 5. | Casas M, et al. (2015). | Children's Health and the Environment in the Faroes | Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS I) | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS) | PELAGIE | This study suggests that the association between low-level exposure to PCB153 and birth weight exists and follows an inverse linear exposure-response relationship with effects even at low levels, and that maternal smoking and ethnicity modify this association. | race | tobacco | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Belgium|Faroe Islands| France|Germany| Greece|Greenland| Norway|Poland| Slovakia|Spain| Ukraine |
blood | milk, human | plasma, cord | serum | serum, cord | 2,4,5,2',4',5'- |
Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects |
| 6. | Munger R, et al. (1997). | We conclude that communities in southern Iowa with drinking water supplies contaminated with herbicides have elevated rates of intrauterine growth retardation compared to neighboring communities with different water supplies. | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | 3-xylene | 4-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Pregnant females | United States | water, drinking | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Xylenes | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | ||
| 7. | Pedersen M, et al. (2012). | Dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with reduced birth weight and head circumference. Consumption of specific foods during pregnancy was associated with higher acrylamide exposure in utero | diet | Acrylamide | Tobacco Smoke Pollution | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Denmark|Greece| Norway|Spain| United Kingdom |
blood, cord | Acrylamide | Ethylene Oxide | glycidamide | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | head development | |
| 8. | Winchester PD, et al. (2009). | Birth defect rates in the Unites States were found to be highest for women conceiving in the spring and summer, and elevated concentrations of agrichemicals in surface water in April-July months coincided with higher risk of birth defects; while a causal link between agrichemicals and birth defects cannot be proven from this study, an association might provide clues to common factors shared by both variables. | Agrochemicals | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | water | Atrazine | Nitrates | Pesticides | Details | Congenital Abnormalities | ||
| 9. | Cordier S, et al. (2004). | Several groups of congenital anomalies, in particular obstructive uropathies, appear to occur more often than expected in populations living around municipal solid waste incinerators. | Air Pollutants | Study subjects | France | Details | Abnormalities, Drug-Induced | Congenital Abnormalities | Skin Abnormalities | ||||
| 10. | Li Z, et al. (2011). | Compared with women with no indoor air pollution from coal combustion exposure, women with any exposure at all had a 60% increased risk of having a child with an neural tube defects. An increased risk was linked to both residential heating and cooking. This is the first known study to link indoor air pollution from coal combustion to neural tube defects. | Air Pollutants | Coal | Smoke | Study subjects | China | Details | Neural Tube Defects | ||||
| 11. | Pearce MS, et al. (2012). | Particulate Matter and Perinatal Events Research (PAMPER) | Association was observed between socio-economic deprivation and particulate matter on birth weight, with increasing effects of particulate matter in reducing birth weight seen with increasing socio-economic disadvantage. | socioeconomic status | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United Kingdom | air | Particulate Matter | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation |
| 12. | Liu CB, et al. (2016). | Our findings suggest some positive associations between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM10) during the first two months of pregnancy and fetal cardiovascular malformations. | Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | China | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Ductus Arteriosus, Patent | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot | ||
| 13. | Al-Sabbak M, et al. (2012). | Our data suggested that birth defects in the Iraqi cities of Al Basrah and Fallujah are mainly folate-dependent. This knowledge offers possible treatment options and remediation plans for at-risk Iraqi populations. | Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Thorium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc | Children | Controls for disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Subjects with disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Study subjects | Brazil|Canada| Ethiopia|India| Iraq|Mexico| Norway|Pakistan| Poland|Spain| Turkey|United States |
hair | nail | tooth | Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Thorium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | |||
| 14. | Fénichel P, et al. (2012). | The presence of unconjugated bisphenol A in all cord blood samples suggests placental transfer and fetal exposure. | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Controls for disease:Cryptorchidism | Subjects with disease:Cryptorchidism | Infants or newborns | France | blood, cord | Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone | Details | |||
| 15. | Brough HA, et al. (2015). | Consortium of Food Allergy Research Observational Study (CoFAR) | Exposure to peanut antigen in dust through an impaired skin barrier in atopically inflamed skin is a plausible route for peanut skin sensitization and peanut allergy. | diet | disease | Antigens, Plant | Children | Subjects with disease:Dermatitis, Atopic | United States | dust | Antigens, Plant | Details | Peanut Hypersensitivity |
| 16. | Mumford JL, et al. (2007). | We found significant association between chronic arsenic exposure and QT interval prolongation in a human population. | sex | Arsenic | Study subjects | China | nail | Arsenic | Details | Cardiovascular Abnormalities | regulation of heart contraction | |
| 17. | Zhang A, et al. (2007). | The results showed that long-term Arsenic exposure may be associated with damage of chromosomes and DNA, gene mutations, gene deletions, and alterations of DNA synthesis and repair ability. | Arsenic | Subjects with disease:Carcinoma | Subjects with disease:Ichthyosis | Subjects with disease:Precancerous Conditions | Study subjects | China | hair | urine | Arsenic | Details | Arsenic Poisoning | DNA biosynthetic process | DNA repair | gene expression | ||
| 18. | Cui N, et al. (2016). | Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with upregulated mRNA expression for genes AHR and CYP1A1 in the blood, and blood CYP1A1 mRNA (but not AHR mRNA) is associated with prolonged corrected QT interval. | diet | Arsenic | Study subjects | China | blood | water, drinking | AHR | Arsenic | CYP1A1 | Details | Long QT Syndrome | regulation of heart rate | |
| 19. | Sanders AP, et al. (2014). | In the present study we examined private well water levels of arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead across North Carolina, and used a semi-ecologic study design to estimate the association between metal levels and specific birth defect phenotypes. | Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese | Infants or newborns | United States | Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese | Details | Cleft Lip | Congenital Microtia | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | Pyloric Stenosis | |||
| 20. | Ruckart PZ, et al. (2014). | Findings suggested associations between in utero exposures to trichloroethylene and small for gestational age, term low birth weight (TLBW) and reduced mean birth weight; benzene and TLBW; and tetrachloroethylene and preterm birth. | Benzene | Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene | Pregnant females | United States | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | ||||
| 21. | Ruckart PZ, et al. (2013). | Odds rations (ORs) suggested associations between 1st trimester exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene and neural tube defects, and we observed a monotonic exposure response relationship for TCE. | Benzene | Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene | Vinyl Chloride | Infants or newborns | United States | water | Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene | Details | Leukemia | Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin | Neural Tube Defects | ||
| 22. | Pierik FH, et al. (2007). | Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) | These results provide little support for an association of cryptorchidism with exposure to low levels of heptachlor epoxide or hexachlorobenzene. For beta-hexachlorocyclohexane the findings were somewhat suggestive of an association but were inconclusive. | beta-hexachlorocyclohexane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Heptachlor Epoxide | Hexachlorobenzene | Pregnant females | United States | serum | beta-hexachlorocyclohexane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Heptachlor Epoxide | Hexachlorobenzene | Details | Cryptorchidism | |
| 23. | Kim EH, et al. (2017). | Our results suggest that exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with aggravation of atopic dermatitis symptoms in children. | age | bisphenol A | Phthalic Acids | Children | Subjects with disease:Dermatitis, Atopic | Korea, Republic of | urine | bisphenol A glucuronide
| mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate
| mono(2- |
Details | Dermatitis, Atopic | |
| 24. | Wright JM, et al. (2017). | This is the first epidemiological study of birth defects and disinfection by-products (DBPs) to examine several individual cardiovascular defects, different exposure surrogate mixtures (sum of chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane (THM4), brominated trihalomethanes, sum of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid (HAA5), sum of THM4 and HAA5, and various individual DBP species. | sex | bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid | Fetuses | Pregnant females | United States | water, drinking | Acetates | bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid | Trihalomethanes | Details | Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot | Transposition of Great Vessels | |
| 25. | Infante-Rivard C. (2004). | These findings suggest that exposure to trihalomethanes at the highest levels can affect fetal growth but only in genetically susceptible newborns. | genetics | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | Trihalomethanes | Subjects with gene influence:CYP2E1 | Controls for disease:Fetal Growth Retardation | Subjects with disease:Fetal Growth Retardation | Infants or newborns | Mothers | Subjects with gene influence:MTHFR | Canada | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | Trihalomethanes | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||
| 26. | Kippler M, et al. (2012). | We found evidence of a sex difference in the association between maternal cadmium exposure and birth size, which was apparent only in girls. | sex | Cadmium | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Bangladesh | urine | Cadmium | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | |
| 27. | Menai M, et al. (2012). | EDEN | This study highlights the effect of cadmium toxicity on fetal growth through the probable accumulation and transmission of this metal through the placenta; the close relationship between blood cadmium levels and smoking habits indicates that cadmium may be a relevant biomarker for smoking toxicity on fetal development. | tobacco | Cadmium | Lead | Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | France | blood | blood, cord | Cadmium | Lead | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation |
| 28. | Kim HH, et al. (2016). | The present study showed that traffic-related and other pollutants around primary school areas are associated with increased risks of allergic diseases among elementary school students. | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfur Dioxide | Children | Korea, Republic of | air | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Asthma | Dermatitis, Atopic | Rhinitis, Allergic | ||
| 29. | Barbosa SM, et al. (2015). | In summary, this study showed that the exposure to air pollution generated mainly from automotive fleets in a large urban center can affect the cardiovascular health of children and may promote a significant health burden on a sensitive group, such as sickle cell patients. | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Subjects with disease:Anemia, Sickle Cell | Children | Brazil | air | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Details | Cardiovascular Diseases | Pain | ||
| 30. | Gilboa SM, et al. (2005). | A population-based case-control study investigated the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter <10 microns in aerodynamic diameter during weeks 3-8 of pregnancy and the risk of selected cardiac birth defects and oral clefts in livebirths and fetal deaths between 1997 and 2000 in seven Texas counties. | sex | Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Children | United States | Details | Cleft Lip | Cleft Palate | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Endocardial Cushion Defects | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot | |||
| 31. | Wylie BJ, et al. (2017). | Prenatal Iron Supplements Study | Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to inhaled particulate matter and carbon monoxide may be associated with fetal thrombosis in a dose-dependent matter. | Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Tanzania, United Republic of | air | Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter | Details | Chorioamnionitis | Thrombosis | inflammatory response | |
| 32. | Amegah AK, et al. (2012). | Maternal use of charcoal as a cooking fuel during pregnancy and burning of garbage at home are strong determinants of average fetal growth and risk of low birth weight. | Charcoal | Infants or newborns | Ghana | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | ||||
| 33. | Pedersen M, et al. (2016). | Transport-related Air Pollution and Health impacts-Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) | Sulfur in both particulate matter <= 2.5 and <= 10 microns (PM2.5 and PM10) and nickel in PM2.5 were associated with an increased risk of term low birth weight, reduced birth weight, and smaller birth head circumference. | Copper | Iron | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Silicon | Sulfur | Vanadium | Zinc | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Denmark|Germany| Italy|Lithuania| Netherlands|Spain| Sweden |
Copper | Iron | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Silicon | Sulfur | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | head development | ||
| 34. | Shirangi A, et al. (2014). | Health Risks of Australian Veterinarians Study (HRAV) | This study suggests that the adverse effects of handling cytotoxic drugs in pregnant women may include an increased risk of birth defects. | Cytotoxins | Pregnant females | Australia | Details | Congenital Abnormalities | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |||
| 35. | Bentov Y, et al. (2006). | Residential proximity to the IP is associated with increased rates of MCM among Arab-Beduin but not in Jewish populations. | Environmental Pollutants | Hazardous Waste | Infants or newborns | Israel | Details | Congenital Abnormalities | ||||
| 36. | Hutson JR, et al. (2012). | Our results demonstrate that chronic and heavy alcohol use in pregnancy impairs folate transport to the fetus. Altered folate concentrations within the placenta and in the fetus may in part contribute to the deficits observed in the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. | alcohol drinking | Ethanol | Fetuses | Pregnant females | Canada | plasma | plasma, cord | Folic Acid | Details | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | transport | |
| 37. | Fan H, et al. (2014). | C8 Health Project (C8HP) | Using 2005-2006 data from a large perfluorocarbon (PFC)-exposure population survey, we compared serum PFCs concentrations between Gilbert Syndrome (GS) and non GS clinical phenotypes, in a cross sectional design, adjusting for standard risk factors, including age, body mass index, smoking status, socioeconomic status and gender. | sex | Fluorocarbons | perfluorodecanoic acid | perfluorododecanoic acid | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorohexanoic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | perfluoroundecanoic acid | Controls for disease:Gilbert Disease | Subjects with disease:Gilbert Disease | Study subjects | United States | serum | Fluorocarbons | perfluorodecanoic acid | perfluorododecanoic acid | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorohexanoic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | perfluoroundecanoic acid | Details | Gilbert Disease |
| 38. | Amin R, et al. (2017). | We find that gadolinium use during pregnancy is unlikely to be associated with adverse effects in infants during the neonatal period. | Gadolinium | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | blood, cord | Gadolinium | Details | Birth Weight | Bone Diseases, Metabolic | Chorioamnionitis | Diabetes, Gestational | Ductus Arteriosus, Patent | Enterocolitis, Necrotizing | Fetal Growth Retardation | Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal | Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced | Lung Diseases | Obstetric Labor, Premature | Oligohydramnios | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn | Retinopathy of Prematurity | ||
| 39. | Gilbreath S, et al. (2006). | This retrospective cohort study evaluated adverse birth outcomes in infants whose birth records indicated maternal residence in villages containing dumpsites potentially hazardous to health and environment. | age | alcohol drinking | race | socioeconomic status | tobacco | Hazardous Waste | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | United States | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | |||
| 40. | Schreinemachers DM. (2003). | Results from this study indicate that in rural, agricultural counties where wheat acreage occupies a larger percentage of the land and where use of chlorophenoxy herbicides is higher, anomalies of the circulatory/respiratory and musculoskeletal/integumental system significantly increased. | sex | Herbicides | Infants or newborns | United States | Details | Congenital Abnormalities | |||
| 41. | Chevrier C, et al. (2011). | PELAGIE | This study is the first to assess associations of birth outcomes with multiple urinary biomarkers of exposure to triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides. Evidence of associations with adverse birth outcomes raises particular concerns for countries where atrazine is still in use. | Herbicides | Fetuses | Pregnant females | France | urine | 2,6-diethylaniline | acetochlor | alachlor | ammeline | Atrazine | atrazine mercapturate | Creatinine | desethylatrazine | metolachlor | Simazine | Details | Congenital Abnormalities | Fetal Growth Retardation | Pregnancy Complications | head development | |
| 42. | Eggesbø M, et al. (2009). | Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS) | We saw a moderate association between levels of hexachlorobenzene in breast milk and markers of impaired fetal growth among past and current smokers. | tobacco | Hexachlorobenzene | Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Mothers | Norway | milk, human | Hexachlorobenzene | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects |
| 43. | Laurin LP, et al. (2014). | In our population of sickle cell patients, those using hydroxyurea were less than one-third as likely to exhibit albuminuria. | Hydroxyurea | Subjects with disease:Anemia, Sickle Cell | United States | Hydroxyurea | Details | Albuminuria | |||
| 44. | Cooney MA, et al. (2007). | The study confirms earlier reports of a slightly increased risk for Wilms tumor among those exposed to residential insecticides during pregnancy through early childhood. | Insecticides | Infants or newborns | Canada|United States | Details | Wilms Tumor | ||||
| 45. | Savabieasfahani M, et al. (2015). | Exposure to mixtures of metals that can result from high-temperature explosions of war may have additive or synergistic effects that can alter toxicity, especially in developing children; a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders are appearing in Iraqi cities where bombing and military events have led to increased public exposures to toxic metals. | Magnesium | Metals | Titanium | Children | Controls for disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Subjects with disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Controls for disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Subjects with disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Iran, Islamic Republic of|Iraq | hair | Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Magnesium | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Titanium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc | Details | |||
| 46. | Grandjean P, et al. (2010). | These findings suggest that developmental exposure to immunotoxicants may both increase and decrease the risk of allergic disease and that associations between breast-feeding and subsequent allergic disease in children may, at least in part, reflect lactational exposure to immunotoxic food contaminants. | Mercury | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Children | Mothers | Pregnant females | Faroe Islands | blood | blood, cord | hair | milk, human | serum | Mercury | Polychlorinated Biphenyls | Details | Asthma | Dermatitis, Atopic | immunoglobulin production | ||
| 47. | Philippat C, et al. (2014). | EDEN | Our study suggested associations between prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and prenatal or early postnatal growth; however, we relied on only one spot urine sample to assess exposure, and because of the high variability in phenol urinary concentrations reported during pregnancy, using only one sample may result in exposure misclassification (in particular for bisphenol A). | methylparaben | Phenols | Triclosan | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | France | urine | 2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | head development | |
| 48. | Iñiguez C, et al. (2016). | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in early pregnancy was associated with reduced fetal growth based on ultrasound measures of growth during pregnancy and measures of size at birth. | tobacco | Nitrogen Dioxide | Pregnant females | Spain | air | Nitrogen Dioxide | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation |
| 49. | Stieb DM, et al. (2016). | This study, based on approximately 3 million births across Canada and employing particulate matter <=2.5 microns (PM2.5) estimates from a national spatiotemporal model, provides further evidence linking PM2.5 and pregnancy outcomes. | Particulate Matter | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Study subjects | Canada | Particulate Matter | Details | Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | |||
| 50. | Hao Y, et al. (2016). | Our study provided additional evidence on the associations between particulate matter <=2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter exposure during pregnancy and term low birth weight from a national perspective. | Particulate Matter | Pregnant females | United States | air, ambient | Particulate Matter | Details | Fetal Growth Retardation |