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Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

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These are exposure studies associated with the disease and all of its children.

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	Reference	Associated Study Title	Author's Summary	Study Factors	Stressor	Receptors	Country	Medium	Exposure Marker	Measurements	Outcome
1.	Choi H, et al. (2008).		Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is likely to contribute to the occurrence of small size for gestational age as well as preterm births among African Americans.		1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	Pregnant females	United States	air	1,12-benzoperylene | 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene | benz(a)anthracene | Benzo(a)pyrene | benzo(b)fluoranthene | benzo(k)fluoranthene | chrysene | indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
2.	Rull RP, et al. (2006).		Data on two case-control study populations of infants with neural tube defects (NTDs) and nonmalformed controls delivered in California between 1987 and 1991 were pooled to investigate whether maternal residential proximity to applications of specific pesticides or physicochemical groups of pesticides during early gestation increases the risk of these malformations.		1,3-dichloro-1-propene | Amides | Benomyl | Benzimidazoles | Captan | Chlorpyrifos | devrinol | Dimethoate | Disulfoton | Methomyl | methyl carbamate | methyl demeton | Naled | Organophosphorus Compounds | vendex	Infants or newborns	United States		1,3-dichloro-1-propene | Amides | Benomyl | Benzimidazoles | Captan | Chlorpyrifos | devrinol | Dimethoate | Disulfoton | Methomyl | methyl carbamate | methyl demeton | Naled | Organophosphorus Compounds | vendex	Details	Anencephaly | Neural Tube Defects | Spinal Dysraphism
3.	Main KM, et al. (2007).		Two different proxies were used for prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ethers exposure, and levels in breast milk, but not in placenta, showed an association with congenital cryptorchidism.		2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabrominated diphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether | Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers | hexabromodiphenyl ether 154 | pentabromodiphenyl ether | tribromodiphenyl ether 28	Infants or newborns | Mothers	Denmark|Finland	milk, human | placenta	2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabrominated diphenyl ether | 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether | Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers | hexabromodiphenyl ether 154 | pentabromodiphenyl ether | tribromodiphenyl ether 28	Details	Cryptorchidism
4.	Lopez-Espinosa MJ, et al. (2016).	INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project	To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between prenatal exposure to some polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene and fetal growth: abdominal circumference during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, and biparietal diameter and femur length later in pregnancy.		2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl | 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Hexachlorobenzene | PCB 180 | Polychlorinated Biphenyls	Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	Spain	blood, cord | serum	2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl | 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Hexachlorobenzene | PCB 180	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation
5.	Casas M, et al. (2015).	Children's Health and the Environment in the Faroes | Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS I) | INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project | Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS) | PELAGIE	This study suggests that the association between low-level exposure to PCB153 and birth weight exists and follows an inverse linear exposure-response relationship with effects even at low levels, and that maternal smoking and ethnicity modify this association.	race | tobacco	2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	Belgium|Faroe Islands| France|Germany| Greece|Greenland| Norway|Poland| Slovakia|Spain| Ukraine	blood | milk, human | plasma, cord | serum | serum, cord	2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
6.	Munger R, et al. (1997).		We conclude that communities in southern Iowa with drinking water supplies contaminated with herbicides have elevated rates of intrauterine growth retardation compared to neighboring communities with different water supplies.		2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | 3-xylene | 4-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane	Pregnant females	United States	water, drinking	2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | 2-xylene | alachlor | Atrazine | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | cyanazine | metolachlor | tetrachloroethane | Xylenes	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation
7.	Pedersen M, et al. (2012).		Dietary exposure to acrylamide was associated with reduced birth weight and head circumference. Consumption of specific foods during pregnancy was associated with higher acrylamide exposure in utero	diet	Acrylamide | Tobacco Smoke Pollution	Fetuses | Pregnant females	Denmark|Greece| Norway|Spain| United Kingdom	blood, cord	Acrylamide | Ethylene Oxide | glycidamide	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | head development
8.	Cordier S, et al. (2004).		Several groups of congenital anomalies, in particular obstructive uropathies, appear to occur more often than expected in populations living around municipal solid waste incinerators.		Air Pollutants	Study subjects	France			Details	Abnormalities, Drug-Induced | Congenital Abnormalities | Skin Abnormalities
9.	Li Z, et al. (2011).		Compared with women with no indoor air pollution from coal combustion exposure, women with any exposure at all had a 60% increased risk of having a child with an neural tube defects. An increased risk was linked to both residential heating and cooking. This is the first known study to link indoor air pollution from coal combustion to neural tube defects.		Air Pollutants | Coal | Smoke	Study subjects	China			Details	Neural Tube Defects
10.	Liu CB, et al. (2016).		Our findings suggest some positive associations between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM10) during the first two months of pregnancy and fetal cardiovascular malformations.		Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	China	air, ambient	Particulate Matter	Details	Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Ductus Arteriosus, Patent | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot
11.	Pearce MS, et al. (2012).	Particulate Matter and Perinatal Events Research (PAMPER)	Association was observed between socio-economic deprivation and particulate matter on birth weight, with increasing effects of particulate matter in reducing birth weight seen with increasing socio-economic disadvantage.	socioeconomic status	Air Pollutants | Particulate Matter	Fetuses | Pregnant females	United Kingdom	air	Particulate Matter	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation
12.	Al-Sabbak M, et al. (2012).		Our data suggested that birth defects in the Iraqi cities of Al Basrah and Fallujah are mainly folate-dependent. This knowledge offers possible treatment options and remediation plans for at-risk Iraqi populations.		Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Thorium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc	Children | Controls for disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Subjects with disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Study subjects	Brazil|Canada| Ethiopia|India| Iraq|Mexico| Norway|Pakistan| Poland|Spain| Turkey|United States	hair | nail | tooth	Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Thorium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc	Details
13.	Fénichel P, et al. (2012).		The presence of unconjugated bisphenol A in all cord blood samples suggests placental transfer and fetal exposure.		Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone	Controls for disease:Cryptorchidism | Subjects with disease:Cryptorchidism | Infants or newborns	France	blood, cord	Androstenedione | bisphenol A | Estradiol | Estriol | Estrone | Testosterone	Details
14.	Brough HA, et al. (2015).	Consortium of Food Allergy Research Observational Study (CoFAR)	Exposure to peanut antigen in dust through an impaired skin barrier in atopically inflamed skin is a plausible route for peanut skin sensitization and peanut allergy.	diet | disease	Antigens, Plant	Children | Subjects with disease:Dermatitis, Atopic	United States	dust	Antigens, Plant	Details	Peanut Hypersensitivity
15.	Zhang A, et al. (2007).		The results showed that long-term Arsenic exposure may be associated with damage of chromosomes and DNA, gene mutations, gene deletions, and alterations of DNA synthesis and repair ability.		Arsenic	Subjects with disease:Carcinoma | Subjects with disease:Ichthyosis | Subjects with disease:Precancerous Conditions | Study subjects	China	hair | urine	Arsenic	Details	Arsenic Poisoning | DNA biosynthetic process | DNA repair | gene expression
16.	Mumford JL, et al. (2007).		We found significant association between chronic arsenic exposure and QT interval prolongation in a human population.	sex	Arsenic	Study subjects	China	nail	Arsenic	Details	Cardiovascular Abnormalities | regulation of heart contraction
17.	Cui N, et al. (2016).		Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with upregulated mRNA expression for genes AHR and CYP1A1 in the blood, and blood CYP1A1 mRNA (but not AHR mRNA) is associated with prolonged corrected QT interval.	diet	Arsenic	Study subjects	China	blood | water, drinking	AHR | Arsenic | CYP1A1	Details	Long QT Syndrome | regulation of heart rate
18.	Sanders AP, et al. (2014).		In the present study we examined private well water levels of arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead across North Carolina, and used a semi-ecologic study design to estimate the association between metal levels and specific birth defect phenotypes.		Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese	Infants or newborns	United States		Arsenic | Cadmium | Lead | Manganese	Details	Cleft Lip | Congenital Microtia | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | Pyloric Stenosis
19.	Ruckart PZ, et al. (2014).		Findings suggested associations between in utero exposures to trichloroethylene and small for gestational age, term low birth weight (TLBW) and reduced mean birth weight; benzene and TLBW; and tetrachloroethylene and preterm birth.		Benzene | Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene	Pregnant females	United States			Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth
20.	Ruckart PZ, et al. (2013).		Odds rations (ORs) suggested associations between 1st trimester exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene and neural tube defects, and we observed a monotonic exposure response relationship for TCE.		Benzene | Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene | Vinyl Chloride	Infants or newborns	United States	water	Tetrachloroethylene | Trichloroethylene	Details	Leukemia | Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin | Neural Tube Defects
21.	Pierik FH, et al. (2007).	Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP)	These results provide little support for an association of cryptorchidism with exposure to low levels of heptachlor epoxide or hexachlorobenzene. For beta-hexachlorocyclohexane the findings were somewhat suggestive of an association but were inconclusive.		beta-hexachlorocyclohexane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Heptachlor Epoxide | Hexachlorobenzene	Pregnant females	United States	serum	beta-hexachlorocyclohexane | Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene | Heptachlor Epoxide | Hexachlorobenzene	Details	Cryptorchidism
22.	Wright JM, et al. (2017).		This is the first epidemiological study of birth defects and disinfection by-products (DBPs) to examine several individual cardiovascular defects, different exposure surrogate mixtures (sum of chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane (THM4), brominated trihalomethanes, sum of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid (HAA5), sum of THM4 and HAA5, and various individual DBP species.	sex	bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid	Fetuses | Pregnant females	United States	water, drinking	Acetates | bromoacetate | bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chloroacetic acid | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | dibromoacetic acid | Dichloroacetic Acid | Trichloroacetic Acid | Trihalomethanes	Details	Cardiovascular Abnormalities | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot | Transposition of Great Vessels
23.	Infante-Rivard C. (2004).		These findings suggest that exposure to trihalomethanes at the highest levels can affect fetal growth but only in genetically susceptible newborns.	genetics	bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | Trihalomethanes	Subjects with gene influence:CYP2E1 | Controls for disease:Fetal Growth Retardation | Subjects with disease:Fetal Growth Retardation | Infants or newborns | Mothers | Subjects with gene influence:MTHFR	Canada		bromodichloromethane | bromoform | chlorodibromomethane | Chloroform | Trihalomethanes	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
24.	Kippler M, et al. (2012).		We found evidence of a sex difference in the association between maternal cadmium exposure and birth size, which was apparent only in girls.	sex	Cadmium	Fetuses | Pregnant females	Bangladesh	urine	Cadmium	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation
25.	Menai M, et al. (2012).	EDEN	This study highlights the effect of cadmium toxicity on fetal growth through the probable accumulation and transmission of this metal through the placenta; the close relationship between blood cadmium levels and smoking habits indicates that cadmium may be a relevant biomarker for smoking toxicity on fetal development.	tobacco	Cadmium | Lead	Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	France	blood | blood, cord	Cadmium | Lead	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation
26.	Kim HH, et al. (2016).		The present study showed that traffic-related and other pollutants around primary school areas are associated with increased risks of allergic diseases among elementary school students.		Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfur Dioxide	Children	Korea, Republic of	air	Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Soot | Sulfur Dioxide	Details	Asthma | Dermatitis, Atopic | Rhinitis, Allergic
27.	Gilboa SM, et al. (2005).		A population-based case-control study investigated the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter <10 microns in aerodynamic diameter during weeks 3-8 of pregnancy and the risk of selected cardiac birth defects and oral clefts in livebirths and fetal deaths between 1997 and 2000 in seven Texas counties.	sex	Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide	Children	United States			Details	Cleft Lip | Cleft Palate | Conotruncal cardiac defects | Endocardial Cushion Defects | Heart Septal Defects, Atrial | Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular | Tetralogy of Fallot
28.	Barbosa SM, et al. (2015).		In summary, this study showed that the exposure to air pollution generated mainly from automotive fleets in a large urban center can affect the cardiovascular health of children and may promote a significant health burden on a sensitive group, such as sickle cell patients.		Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide	Subjects with disease:Anemia, Sickle Cell | Children	Brazil	air	Carbon Monoxide | Nitrogen Dioxide | Ozone | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide	Details	Cardiovascular Diseases | Pain
29.	Wylie BJ, et al. (2017).	Prenatal Iron Supplements Study	Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to inhaled particulate matter and carbon monoxide may be associated with fetal thrombosis in a dose-dependent matter.		Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter	Fetuses | Pregnant females	Tanzania, United Republic of	air	Carbon Monoxide | Particulate Matter	Details	Chorioamnionitis | Thrombosis | inflammatory response
30.	Amegah AK, et al. (2012).		Maternal use of charcoal as a cooking fuel during pregnancy and burning of garbage at home are strong determinants of average fetal growth and risk of low birth weight.		Charcoal	Infants or newborns	Ghana			Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
31.	Pedersen M, et al. (2016).	Transport-related Air Pollution and Health impacts-Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM)	Sulfur in both particulate matter <= 2.5 and <= 10 microns (PM2.5 and PM10) and nickel in PM2.5 were associated with an increased risk of term low birth weight, reduced birth weight, and smaller birth head circumference.		Copper | Iron | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Silicon | Sulfur | Vanadium | Zinc	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	Denmark|Germany| Italy|Lithuania| Netherlands|Spain| Sweden		Copper | Iron | Nickel | Particulate Matter | Potassium | Silicon | Sulfur | Vanadium | Zinc	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | head development
32.	Shirangi A, et al. (2014).	Health Risks of Australian Veterinarians Study (HRAV)	This study suggests that the adverse effects of handling cytotoxic drugs in pregnant women may include an increased risk of birth defects.		Cytotoxins	Pregnant females	Australia			Details	Congenital Abnormalities | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
33.	Bentov Y, et al. (2006).		Residential proximity to the IP is associated with increased rates of MCM among Arab-Beduin but not in Jewish populations.		Environmental Pollutants | Hazardous Waste	Infants or newborns	Israel			Details	Congenital Abnormalities
34.	Hutson JR, et al. (2012).		Our results demonstrate that chronic and heavy alcohol use in pregnancy impairs folate transport to the fetus. Altered folate concentrations within the placenta and in the fetus may in part contribute to the deficits observed in the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.	alcohol drinking	Ethanol	Fetuses | Pregnant females	Canada	plasma | plasma, cord	Folic Acid	Details	Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | transport
35.	Fan H, et al. (2014).	C8 Health Project (C8HP)	Using 2005-2006 data from a large perfluorocarbon (PFC)-exposure population survey, we compared serum PFCs concentrations between Gilbert Syndrome (GS) and non GS clinical phenotypes, in a cross sectional design, adjusting for standard risk factors, including age, body mass index, smoking status, socioeconomic status and gender.	sex	Fluorocarbons | perfluorodecanoic acid | perfluorododecanoic acid | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorohexanoic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | perfluoroundecanoic acid	Controls for disease:Gilbert Disease | Subjects with disease:Gilbert Disease | Study subjects	United States	serum	Fluorocarbons | perfluorodecanoic acid | perfluorododecanoic acid | perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | perfluorohexanoic acid | perfluorononanoic acid | perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | perfluorooctanoic acid | perfluoroundecanoic acid	Details	Gilbert Disease
36.	Amin R, et al. (2017).		We find that gadolinium use during pregnancy is unlikely to be associated with adverse effects in infants during the neonatal period.		Gadolinium	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	United States	blood, cord	Gadolinium	Details	Birth Weight | Bone Diseases, Metabolic | Chorioamnionitis | Diabetes, Gestational | Ductus Arteriosus, Patent | Enterocolitis, Necrotizing | Fetal Growth Retardation | Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal | Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced | Lung Diseases | Obstetric Labor, Premature | Oligohydramnios | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects | Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn | Retinopathy of Prematurity
37.	Gilbreath S, et al. (2006).		This retrospective cohort study evaluated adverse birth outcomes in infants whose birth records indicated maternal residence in villages containing dumpsites potentially hazardous to health and environment.	age | alcohol drinking | race | socioeconomic status | tobacco	Hazardous Waste	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	United States			Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
38.	Chevrier C, et al. (2011).	PELAGIE	This study is the first to assess associations of birth outcomes with multiple urinary biomarkers of exposure to triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides. Evidence of associations with adverse birth outcomes raises particular concerns for countries where atrazine is still in use.		Herbicides	Fetuses | Pregnant females	France	urine	2,6-diethylaniline | acetochlor | alachlor | ammeline | Atrazine | atrazine mercapturate | Creatinine | desethylatrazine | metolachlor | Simazine	Details	Congenital Abnormalities | Fetal Growth Retardation | Pregnancy Complications | head development
39.	Schreinemachers DM. (2003).		Results from this study indicate that in rural, agricultural counties where wheat acreage occupies a larger percentage of the land and where use of chlorophenoxy herbicides is higher, anomalies of the circulatory/respiratory and musculoskeletal/integumental system significantly increased.	sex	Herbicides	Infants or newborns	United States			Details	Congenital Abnormalities
40.	Eggesbø M, et al. (2009).	Norwegian Human Milk Study (HUMIS)	We saw a moderate association between levels of hexachlorobenzene in breast milk and markers of impaired fetal growth among past and current smokers.	tobacco	Hexachlorobenzene	Fetuses | Infants or newborns | Mothers	Norway	milk, human	Hexachlorobenzene	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
41.	Laurin LP, et al. (2014).		In our population of sickle cell patients, those using hydroxyurea were less than one-third as likely to exhibit albuminuria.		Hydroxyurea	Subjects with disease:Anemia, Sickle Cell	United States		Hydroxyurea	Details	Albuminuria
42.	Cooney MA, et al. (2007).		The study confirms earlier reports of a slightly increased risk for Wilms tumor among those exposed to residential insecticides during pregnancy through early childhood.		Insecticides	Infants or newborns | Controls for disease:Wilms Tumor | Subjects with disease:Wilms Tumor	Canada|United States			Details	Wilms Tumor
43.	Savabieasfahani M, et al. (2015).		Exposure to mixtures of metals that can result from high-temperature explosions of war may have additive or synergistic effects that can alter toxicity, especially in developing children; a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders are appearing in Iraqi cities where bombing and military events have led to increased public exposures to toxic metals.		Magnesium | Metals | Titanium	Children | Controls for disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Subjects with disease:Congenital Abnormalities | Controls for disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Subjects with disease:Neurodevelopmental Disorders	Iran, Islamic Republic of|Iraq	hair	Aluminum | Arsenic | Cadmium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Iron | Lead | Magnesium | Manganese | Mercury | Molybdenum | Nickel | Selenium | Titanium | Uranium | Vanadium | Zinc	Details
44.	Grandjean P, et al. (2010).		These findings suggest that developmental exposure to immunotoxicants may both increase and decrease the risk of allergic disease and that associations between breast-feeding and subsequent allergic disease in children may, at least in part, reflect lactational exposure to immunotoxic food contaminants.		Mercury | Polychlorinated Biphenyls	Children | Mothers | Pregnant females	Faroe Islands	blood | blood, cord | hair | milk, human | serum	Mercury | Polychlorinated Biphenyls	Details	Asthma | Dermatitis, Atopic | immunoglobulin production
45.	Philippat C, et al. (2014).	EDEN	Our study suggested associations between prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and prenatal or early postnatal growth; however, we relied on only one spot urine sample to assess exposure, and because of the high variability in phenol urinary concentrations reported during pregnancy, using only one sample may result in exposure misclassification (in particular for bisphenol A).		methylparaben | Phenols | Triclosan	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females	France	urine	2,4-dichlorophenol | 2,5-dichlorophenol | bisphenol A | butylparaben | ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | methylparaben | oxybenzone | propylparaben | Triclosan	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | head development
46.	Iñiguez C, et al. (2016).	INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project	Maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in early pregnancy was associated with reduced fetal growth based on ultrasound measures of growth during pregnancy and measures of size at birth.	tobacco	Nitrogen Dioxide	Pregnant females	Spain	air	Nitrogen Dioxide	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation
47.	Scheers H, et al. (2011).		Even in an affluent region in Western Europe, where infant mortality is low, days with higher Particulate Matter air pollution are associated with an increased risk of infant mortality.		Particulate Matter	Infants or newborns	Belgium		Particulate Matter	Details	Chromosome Aberrations | Congenital Abnormalities
48.	Stieb DM, et al. (2016).		This study, based on approximately 3 million births across Canada and employing particulate matter <=2.5 microns (PM2.5) estimates from a national spatiotemporal model, provides further evidence linking PM2.5 and pregnancy outcomes.		Particulate Matter	Infants or newborns | Pregnant females | Study subjects	Canada		Particulate Matter	Details	Birth Weight | Fetal Growth Retardation | Premature Birth
49.	Hao Y, et al. (2016).		Our study provided additional evidence on the associations between particulate matter <=2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter exposure during pregnancy and term low birth weight from a national perspective.		Particulate Matter	Pregnant females	United States	air, ambient	Particulate Matter	Details	Fetal Growth Retardation
50.	Toft G, et al. (2016).		Environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure was associated with steroid hormone and INSL3 concentrations in amniotic fluid, but was not associated with cryptorchidism or hypospadias in our study population.		perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	Pregnant females	Denmark	amniotic fluid	17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone | Androstenedione | Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate | Hydrocortisone | INSL3 | Progesterone | Testosterone	Details	Cryptorchidism | Hypospadias | regulation of gene expression | regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process

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